9.- Water Supply Technologies in emergencies - COMPENDIUM.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/uman-powered-energy-system

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Human-Powered Energy Systems are based on the use of human force. In the acute response phase, Human Power is often limited to transporting water, while supply and treatment are managed centrally to ensure adequate water quantity of the desired quality can be delivered. Human-Powered abstraction, transport and treatment can be used in all response phases and is common during acute emergencies, especially in natural disasters where it might be the only energy source available for a period of time.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/gravity

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Gravity can be used as an energy source for transporting water by taking advantage of differences in elevation to move water (usually via pipelines). This can occur either from elevated water sources to storage tanks and treatment facilities or directly from elevated storage facilities to supply points. It can be used in many different stages in a water system and in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/spring-water

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A Spring is formed where groundwater exits the surface at a particular point. When the water comes from unconfined aquifers where the water surface is open to atmospheric pressure, gravity springs are formed, and when the water comes from a confined aquifer that is under pressure, artesian springs are formed. Springs are useful in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/groundwater

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Groundwater originates from both surface water, such as rivers or lakes, and via precipitation that infiltrates the surface. This infiltration is mostly natural, though can be enhanced through managed aquifer recharge techniques. Once in the ground, water collects in the spaces between particles and can flow slowly. This saturated area that allows water movement is called an aquifer, which can be either unconfined (open to atmospheric pressure) or confined (under greater pressure than atmospheric pressure). Groundwater is useful in all phases of an emergency.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/brackish-water-seawater

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Brackish Water has a higher salinity than freshwater, but it is not as saline as Seawater. It occurs naturally where Seawater (salt water) and fresh water mix, as in estuaries or in brackish fossil aquifers. In an emergency, Brackish Water might be the only available source, and it is possible that it is already in use, or in the case of Seawater, it might already be used as part of a pre-existing desalination plant.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/ponds-lakes-and-reservoirs

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A Pond or Lake is a still or slow-moving surface water body formed by surface runoff, river water collecting in a depression or groundwater collecting in an excavated area. They can thus be natural or man-made (e.g. by damming flowing water to form a Lake). Naturally occurring Lakes, Ponds or existing Reservoirs can be useful in acute stages of an emergency where large quantities of water are needed quickly, while planned new Reservoirs may be an option for long-term interventions such as drought mitigation.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/rivers-and-streams

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A River or Stream is a naturally flowing, usually fresh, watercourse that moves towards an ocean, sea, lake or another River, though a River can flow into the ground and dry out at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Rivers generally collect water from precipitation through a catchment basin from surface runoff and other sources, such as groundwater recharge, springs and the release of water stored in natural ice and snow-packs (e.g. from glaciers). They follow drainage channels that tend to be smaller and faster nearer the source and can be seasonal depending on the climate. Rivers are useful in acute stages of an emergency where large quantities of water are needed quickly, though they can be used in any phase.

https://www.emergency-wash.org/water/en/technologies/technology/Rain-Water

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Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapour and then fall to earth under gravity. It is one kind of ‘precipitation’, which also includes other forms of condensed atmospheric water (e.g. snow, sleet, hail and drizzle).